Nearly Half of South Korean LGBTQ Youth Attempt Suicide

Startling statistics come as Chingusai sets up hotline to help those feeling isolated.

www.advocate.com/world/2019/9/23/nearly-half-south-korean-lgbtq-youth-attempt-suicide

Arsonist Burned Family’s LGBTQ Pride Flag as They Slept Inside Home

A Kansas family posted photos of a scorched LGBTQ Pride flag they said someone had set on fire overnight outside of their home while they were sleeping. The flag was stolen two weeks ago and was found in a neighbor’s yard. After that incident, several of their neighbors also put up Pride flags in solidarity.

Wrote Micala Gingrich-Gaylord on Facebook: “Last night between 12 midnight and 7am someone set our pride flag on fire. After it was stolen last week many folks in our neighborhood put up flags. Police and news have been called. This is so far beyond vandalism and falls squarely into a hate crime. Please watch out for on another. This could have set our home on fire.”

This is not a gay family that was targeted, The Sunflower reports: “Zachary has lived in Riverside for seven years with his wife, Micala, and their family. He said this was the first time his family has experienced an apparent hate crime, a crime motivated by prejudice on the basis of race, religion, sexual orientation, or other grounds. Police responded within the hour. The Gingrich-Gaylord family filed a police report with an officer who stated it would be classified as an aggravated arson and hate crime. They were told that the neighborhood police would be posting flyers of the crime around the neighborhood.  Additionally, the police force’s LGBT liaison sergeant, Vanessa Rusco, has been contacted and is aware of the situation.”

The post Arsonist Burned Family’s LGBTQ Pride Flag as They Slept Inside Home appeared first on Towleroad Gay News.

Arsonist Burned Family’s LGBTQ Pride Flag as They Slept Inside Home

Gay Skydiver Don Zarda Is Dead But His Legal Fight Could Alter History

Zarda’s attorney, Gregory Antollino, shares memories of his client and discusses the fight that awaits at the Supreme Court.

www.advocate.com/commentary/2019/9/23/gay-skydiver-don-zarda-dead-his-legal-fight-could-alter-history

Climate Change Created Today’s Large Crocodiles

What does the term crocodylian bring to mind? A big reptile with a chomping jaw?

Crocodylians are the 27 species of crocodiles, alligators, caimans and gharials that live all over Earth today, except for in Europe and Antarctica. There are some smaller species, but these top predators are usually big, at least 2 meters long. They also share a general shape and look – for instance, how easily can you tell an alligator and a crocodile apart?

The fossil record of crocodylians is much richer, though, with many different forms and body sizes and extraordinary ecological diversity.

Over their long evolutionary history of more than 200 million years, crocs experimented with different lifestyles, as well as various body lengths. But exactly which environmental factors might have influenced the body sizes of crocs throughout their evolution? And does the body size of crocs suggest something about past species’ extinction?

To investigate, my colleagues and I created a complete map of body sizes of crocs through time. Body size can reveal a lot about the biology of extinct animals. Our study was the first to apply some modern computational methods to understand body size evolution in crocs.

Looking for size patterns in the fossil record

The Crocodylomorpha group includes all extinct relatives of the modern crocodylians – more than 400 species in total.

Extinct crocodylomorphs – henceforth “crocs” – ranged from marine forms who lived a fully aquatic life to terrestrial herbivores with complex teeth that look like those seen in mammals today. There’s much more ecological diversity on display in the fossil record than what you see in modern crocodylians.

The oldest crocs, alive during the Triassic Period, were small, rarely more than 1 meter long.

At first glance, the fossil record might seem to suggest that crocs evolved from this small start to be larger over time. That would fit with a general trend biologists have identifed: Animals tend to evolve over time to be bigger. This pattern is known as Cope’s rule. Scientists have spotted this tendency in mammals, dinosaurs and pterosaurs.

To see whether this rule holds for crocs, my collaborators and I pulled together data on almost 200 species, more than in any other croc body-size study.

Since paleontologists don’t know the exact size of most extinct animals, this kind of study frequently estimates body size based on a measurement of one part of the animal. In our case, we used skull length as a proxy for total body size.

We collected most of the data (for nearly 120 species) by measuring specimens during visits to museum collections around the world, from South America to China. The remaining information came from other researchers’ photographs or figures in the scientific literature.

Factors that influence size

Our analyses show no evidence that crocs played by Cope’s rule: They don’t seem to have evolved to become bigger over time.

Instead, we saw a much more complex scenario, with multiple changes of average body size as various subgroups evolved and went extinct. Why?

One important clue appeared when we analyzed how body size changes across different lifestyles.

We divided crocs into three ecological categories: land-based, semi-aquatic and fully aquatic. We found that terrestrial crocs are significantly smaller than semi-aquatic and marine ones. Other researchers have documented similar findings for mammals, with marine species larger than their terrestrial relatives. Think of walruses and sea lions, which are much bigger than their cousins: cats, wolves and dogs.

One explanation for this might be the adaptations that are necessary for life in the aquatic realm. For example, having a large body might help maintain an optimal temperature in the water.

We also investigated whether environmental factors – temperature and geographical distribution – had an influence on croc body size.

At first, we did our analyses with all 195 crocs and found no strong link between these factors and size. But when we subdivided the species into smaller subgroups, we found some interesting results.

One of these subgroups is Crocodylia, which includes modern crocodylians and only their closest extinct relatives. They lived mostly during the Cenozoic – that’s our current era which began after the extinction of nonavian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

For Crocodylia, we found that larger sizes tend to be found with lower temperatures. This might seem counterintuitive, because crocs and other reptiles like warmer places. But the way we interpreted this result is that, as the Earth got cooler, the areas crocs could live in got more restricted. This could have increased competition in their habitats and perhaps larger crocs were more successful. In the end, lower temperatures probably led smaller crocs to extinction.

A more nuanced picture of evolving size

There are two take-home messages from this discovery.

First, scale matters. When we analyzed all crocs together, we did not find significant correlations. But when we focused on a specific group (Crocodylia), at a shorter period of time (only the Cenozoic), we found interesting results.

The second is that climate change can shape the evolution of species. This is pretty obvious, and previous studies have shown it for other animals. In the case of crocs, climate change – the cooling temperatures during the Cenozoic – probably contributed to the comparatively large sizes of today’s species. Crocs became more restricted to the tropics and this possibly led to the extinction of smaller species.

In the end, the large size of modern crocs, although a symbol of strength and power, might mean that this group is instead ecologically fragile, facing a long-term process of extinction. And today, the few croc species left are facing an extra challenge related to environmental changes, this time due to human-made destruction of their ecosystems.

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Pedro L. Godoy, Postdoctoral Fellow in Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University (The State University of New York)

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The post Climate Change Created Today’s Large Crocodiles appeared first on Towleroad Gay News.

Climate Change Created Today’s Large Crocodiles